PESTS AND DISEASES OF FORESTRY IN NEW ZEALAND
Melampsora leaf rusts in New Zealand
(See also Poplar leaf rusts caused by Melampsora spp. Forest Research Bulletin 220
An Introduction to The Diseases of Forest and Amenity Trees in New Zealand
G.S.Ridley and M.A. Dick 2001)
Melampsora leaf rusts of poplar
Forest Pathology in New Zealand No. 20
Based on A.G. Spiers (1990)
Fig. 1 - Trees of Populus 'Generosa' with necrotic, withered foliage as a result of severe rust
attack by Melampsora larici-populina . Populus 'Generosa' is highly susceptible to M. larici-
populina and many trees of this hybrid have died as a result of repeated defoliation.
Causal organisms
Melampsora larici-populina Klebahn; Melampsora medusae Th?men, Melampsora ×medusae-populina Spiers
Type of injury
Spotting of leaves which can cause premature defoliation and lead to a reduction in growth. Tree
death may occur after several years' severe infection (Fig. 1).
Diagnostic features
• Small orange-yellow pustules on one or both leaf surfaces (Fig. 2).
• In severe attacks, pustules cover both sides of leaves giving trees a golden appearance.
• Heavily infected leaves turn brown, wither, and curl at the margins before failing.
• In late summer, small amber/brown-to-black raised spots form on both leaf surfaces.
• The two Melampsora species and the hybrid can be distinguished microscopically by spore ornamentation.
Fig. 2 - Rust pustules (uredinia) of M.
medusae on a highly susceptible cultivar of
P. nigra 'Italica'.
Fig. 3 - Poplar leaf rust ( Melampsora
medusae) on P. x euramericana '178'.
Hosts
At the time of the arrival of M. larici-populina and M. medusae in New Zealand in 1973, the
most widely planted poplars were a range of cultivars of Populus x euramericana and these
proved highly susceptible to both the rust species (see table 1). These cultivars are now
uncommon through much of the country though they may be found in drier areas.
In addition to the poplar hosts Melampsora medusae has been occasionally found on Larix decidua and
Melampsora larici-populina on Larix decidua, L. kaempferi, and rarely on Pinus radiata.
Melampsora ×medusae-populina a hybrid of the two species, is thought to have arisen in Australia,
was first recognised in New Zealand in 1991 and has a host range similar to that of M. medusae.
Distribution
Both poplar leaf rusts entered New Zealand in 1973 via trans-Tasman wind currents from
Australia. Melampsora larici-populina spread rapidly over the next few years and is now present
throughout the country. It is more prevalent in moist areas of New Zealand and has little
effect on even the most susceptible poplar cultivars in the drier regions of the South Island, viz
Marlborough, Canterbury, and Otago. Melampsora medusae remained confined to some
isolated trees and plantations of P. deltoides and had apparently died out by 1984, presumably because of a
lack of suitable overwintering hosts. However, an outbreak of the disease was recorded in
Hamilton in February, 1990. The hybrid species M. ×medusae-populina has not been recorded outside
Northland and it is possible that it has not survived because of a lack of suitable hosts.
Disease development
The Melampsora rusts produce several different spore stages in sequence through the growing
season to complete their life-cycle (Fig. 4). The orange-yellow pustules contain masses of
urediniospores which are blown over great distances and infect other poplars. A new crop of
spores is produced approximately every 2 weeks, depending on weather conditions. With
deciduous poplars, infection ceases once all the leaves have fallen. On semi-evergreen poplars,
which do not shed all their leaves, the fungus can persist and continue to produce spores all
through winter and spring. These hosts, therefore, provide a ready source of inoculum for the
deciduous poplars as they flush in spring. On older infected leaves, another type of spore -the
teliospore - is produced. These are borne in small amber-brown to black spots and remain
dormant on fallen leaves until the following spring when they germinate to produce
basidiospores. The basidiospores can only infect the needles of conifers and on these hosts, pycniospores and
aeciospores are formed (Fig 5). Wind-borne aeciospores re-infect emergent poplar foliage in
spring, resulting in the production of urediniospores again to complete the fungal life-cycle.
Fig. 5 -Vertical section through an aecidium
of M. larici- populina on a larch leaf
showing how aeciospores are formed in
columns and tightly packed.
The poplar rust fungi do not require completion of the full life-cycle for survival;
infection can cycle on from poplar to poplar by urediniospores alone. Infection of the conifers,
however, is dependent on infected poplars, and spread from conifer to conifer does not occur.
Free water on the leaf surface is required for urediniospore germination and host infection.
Regular rainfall (at 7- to 12-day intervals) provides optimum conditions for re-infection and the
build-up of rust inoculum.
Economic importance
The most common use of poplars in New Zealand has been as shelterbelts on horticultural land
and farmland. However, they have also been widely used for soil conservation purposes and in
forestry. The following damage can occur on poplars after repeated defoliation:
• delayed and reduced spring flushing;
• reduced height and diameter growth, and reduced root development;
• distorted shoot growth;
• increased susceptibility to other fungal pathogens;
• reduced hardening off and thus more frost damage;
• dieback and death.
The demise of the semi-evergreen poplar ( P. nigra 'Sempervirens'), which allowed
urediniospores to overwinter, has meant that the inoculum build-up in early spring is
considerably delayed. Most poplars can, therefore, grow a reasonable amount before the disease
causes complete defoliation. Nevertheless, the severity of annual rust infection varies markedly,
depending on the time of initial infection, presence of alternate hosts, locality, and attendant
climatic conditions.
Rust infection of Pinus radiata is very uncommon and of no significance in New Zealand.
Larches are frequently infected (Fig. 6 and 7) where they are grown in association with poplars,
but damage is restricted to some minor leaf fall.
Fig. 6 - Larch leaf bearing pycnidium of M.
larici-populina . The pycnidium has exuded
a nectar droplet to attract insects.
Fig. 7-Aecia of M. larici-populina
containing thousands of aeciospores formed
on a larch leaf.
Control
Planting rust-resistant poplar varieties is the best means of combating poplar rust. It is advisable to use
a mixture of varieties to ensure genetic diversity rather than rely on one single cultivar. At the time of
arrival of M. larici-populina and M. medusae in New Zealand (1973), most widely planted cultivars
had narrow genetic base and they proved to be highly susceptible to both rust species.
Since 1973 some 239 new clones and 290 seedlots of several species have been imported from Europe,
Asia, and America. Some of this material has been hybridised with local selections to give a range of
rust-resistant cultivars. Some of these are included in Table 1.
Selection for rust resistance has been complicated by the appearance of different races of M. larici-populina.
The rust resistance of certain cultivars has varied between locations, years, and even within the same seasons,
depending an which race is dominant. Dominant races have disappeared over winter, hence the advisability
of planting clonal mixtures.
Chemical control can be practicable for orchard shelterbelts. Options include triadimefon (0.05%),
copper oxychloride (0. 1%) or dodine (0.1 %) and should be applied when the first rust pustules are seen,
and continued at 3-weekly intervals. This time period can be extended during dry weather. There is no need
for control of the disease in the conifer hosts.
TABLE 1 -SUSCEPTIBILITY OF POPLARS TO MELAMPSORA SPP.
|
Species |
Clone |
Melampsora larici-populina |
Melampsora medusae |
Melampsora medusae-populina |
|
P. alba |
|
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
|
P. alba |
'Pyramidalis' |
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
|
P. alba |
‘BO/2’ |
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
|
P. alba |
‘I59/1’ |
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
|
P. alba x glandulosa |
‘Yeogi 1’ |
Resistant |
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
P. alba x glandulosa |
‘Yeogi 2’ |
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
|
P. x canescens |
|
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
|
P. deltoides |
‘Frimley’ (old N.Z clone) |
Slightly susceptible |
Susceptible |
Slightly susceptible |
|
P. deltoides x maximowiczii |
‘Eridano’ |
Resistant |
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
P. deltoides x trichocarpa |
‘Generosa’ |
Highly susceptible |
|
|
|
P. deltoides x yunnanensis |
‘Kawa’ |
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
|
P. x euramericana |
‘Flevo’ |
Resistant |
Resistant |
Slightly susceptible |
|
P. x euramericana |
‘I 30’ |
Highly susceptible |
Susceptible |
Highly susceptible |
|
P. x euramericana |
‘I 78’ |
Highly susceptible |
Susceptible |
|
|
P. x euramericana |
‘I 154’ |
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
|
P. x euramericana |
‘I 214’ |
Susceptible |
Susceptible |
|
|
P. x euramericana |
‘I 455’ |
Susceptible |
Susceptible |
|
|
P. x euramericana |
‘Laevigata’ |
Susceptible |
Susceptible |
|
|
P. x euramericana |
‘Luisa Avanzo’ |
Resistant |
Susceptible |
|
|
P. x euramericana |
‘Robusta PH’ |
Susceptible |
Susceptible |
|
|
P. x euramericana |
‘Serotina’ |
Highly susceptible |
Susceptible |
|
|
P. x euramericana |
‘Serotina Aurea’ |
Highly susceptible |
Susceptible |
|
|
P. x euramericana |
‘Tasman’ |
Resistant |
Resistant |
Slightly susceptible |
|
P. x euramericana |
‘Veronese’ |
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
|
P. x euramericana |
‘Triplo |
Susceptible |
Susceptible |
Highly susceptible |
|
P. x gileadensis |
‘Candicans’ |
Variable† |
Resistant |
|
|
P. maximowiczii x trichocarpa |
‘Androscoggin’ |
Variable† |
Susceptible |
|
|
P. nigra |
‘Italica’ |
Highly susceptible |
Susceptible |
|
|
P. nigra |
‘Sempervirens’ |
Highly susceptible |
Resistant |
|
|
P. nigra x ‘Regenerata’ |
‘Eugenei’ |
Highly susceptible |
Susceptible |
|
|
P. tremula |
|
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
|
P. tremuloides |
|
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
|
P. trichocarpa |
‘PMC 471’ |
Resistant |
Resistant |
|
† Depends on race of the fungus
Spiers, A.G. 1976: Fungicides for control of poplar leaf rust and effects of control on growth of
Populus nigra cv. 'Sempervirens' and P. x euramericana cv. '1-214'. New Zealand Journal
of Experimental Agriculture 4: 249 - 254.
Spiers, A.G.; Hopcroft, D.H. 1994: Comparative studies of the poplar rusts Melampsora medusae and M. larici-populina and their interspecific hybrid M. medusae-populina. Mycological Research 98: 889-903.
Van Kraayonoord, C.W.S.; Laundon, G.F.; Spiers, A.G. 1984: Poplar rusts invade New Zealand.
Plant Disease Reporter 58: 423-427.
Wilkinson, A.G. 1987: The return of the poplar. Ministry of Works and Development,
Streamland 52.
Wilkinson, A.G.; Spiers, A.G. 1976: Introduction of the poplar rusts Melampsora larici-
populina, M. medusae to New Zealand and their subsequent distribution. New Zealand
Journal of Science 19: 195-198.
Compiled: 1990; revised 2010
